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SLYW038D September 2014 – April 2025 AFE030 , AFE031 , AFE032 , ALM2402-Q1 , LMC6035-Q1 , LMV601 , LMV602 , LMV604 , LMV611 , LMV612 , LMV614 , LMV881 , OPA1602 , OPA1604 , OPA1612 , OPA1612-Q1 , OPA1622 , OPA1652 , OPA1654 , OPA1662 , OPA1662-Q1 , OPA1664 , OPA1688 , OPA170 , OPA170-EP , OPA171-Q1 , OPA172 , OPA180 , OPA188 , OPA191 , OPA192 , OPA197 , OPA211-EP , OPA2170 , OPA2171 , OPA2171-EP , OPA2171-Q1 , OPA2172 , OPA2180 , OPA2188 , OPA2192 , OPA2211-EP , OPA2211-HT , OPA2227-EP , OPA2277-EP , OPA2313 , OPA2314 , OPA2314-EP , OPA2314-Q1 , OPA2316 , OPA2317 , OPA2320-Q1 , OPA2322-Q1 , OPA2376-Q1 , OPA2625 , OPA313 , OPA314 , OPA316 , OPA317 , OPA320 , OPA322 , OPA348-Q1 , OPA355-Q1 , OPA4170 , OPA4171 , OPA4171-Q1 , OPA4172 , OPA4180 , OPA4188 , OPA4192 , OPA4277-EP , OPA4313 , OPA4314 , OPA4316 , OPA4317 , OPA4322 , OPA4322-Q1 , OPA549-HIREL , OPA564-Q1 , OPA625 , SM73307 , SM73308 , TLC2274-HT , TLE2141-Q1 , TLV2314 , TLV2316 , TLV2333 , TLV27L2-Q1 , TLV314 , TLV316 , TLV333 , TLV4314 , TLV4316 , TLV4333

1
Analog Engineer's Pocket Reference
Conversions
1. Standard decimal prefixes
2. Metric conversions
3. Temperature scale conversions
4. Error conversions ppm and percentage
5. Notes
Discrete Components
1. Resistor color code
2. Capacitor specifications
3. Capacitance type overview
4. Diodes and LEDs
5. Bipolar junction transistors (BJT)
6. Junction field effect transistors (JFET)
7. Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)
8. Notes
Analog
1. Resistor equations
2. Power equations
3. Capacitor equations
4. Inductor equations
5. RMS and mean voltage
6. Logarithmic mathematical definitions
  1. Alternative notations
7. dB definitions
  1. Bode plot basics
  2. Definitions
  3. Log scale
  4. Time to phase shift
  5. Bode plots: Poles
8. Pole (equations)
  1. Bode plots (zeros)
  2. Zero (equations)
9. Notes
Amplifier
1. Basic op amp configurations
  1. Simple non-inverting amp with Cf filter
  2. Simple inverting amp with Cf filter
  3. Differential filter cutoff
  4. Calculating amplifier offset voltage
2. Op amp bandwidth
  1. Small signal step response
3. Full power bandwidth
4. Large signal response (slew rate)
5. Settling Time
6. Combining noise sources
  1. Averaging noise sources
  2. Noise bandwidth calculation
    1. Broadband total noise calculation
  3. 1/f total noise calculation
  4. Thermal noise calculation
  5. Op amp noise model
  6. Total noise calculations
7. AC response versus frequency (dominant 2-pole system)
8. Stability open loop SPICE analysis
  1. Stability transient square wave lab test
  2. Stability AC sine wave lab test
9. Power dissipation calculation
10. Electrical overstress (EOS) protection
11. Notes
PCB and Wire
1. PCB and Wire
2. PCB trace resistance for 1 oz-Cu
3. PCB trace resistance for 2 oz-Cu
4. Common package type and dimensions
5. PCB parallel plate capacitance
6. PCB microstrip capacitance and inductance
7. PCB adjacent copper traces
8. PCB via capacitance and inductance
9. Coaxial cable equations
10. Notes
Sensor
Digital
1. Binary/hex conversions
  1. Numbering systems: Binary, decimal, and hexadecimal
  2. Data formats
    1. Converting two’s complement to decimal: Negative number example
    2. Converting two’s complement to decimal: Positive number example
2. Digital logic thresholds
3. Serial peripheral interface
  1. SPI bus (Serial Peripheral Interface) hardware overview
    1. Data and control lines
  2. SPI data latching
    1. SPI read sequence example
  3. SPI critical edge
  4. SPI modes
4. Inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus
  1. I2C bus (Inter-Integrated Circuit) hardware overview
    1. Data and control lines
  2. I2C addressing
  3. I2C communication
  4. I2C interface circuitry and rise/fall timing
  5. I2C pull-up resistor selection
5. Notes
ADC
1. ADC transfer function
  1. ADC definitions
  2. ADC resolution for unipolar
    1. Full-scale range (FSR) unipolar
  3. ADC resolution for bipolar
    1. Full-scale range (FSR) bipolar
  4. Resolution voltage vs. full-scale range
2. Quantization error of ADC
  1. Quantization error
3. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from quantization noise only
4. Total harmonic distortion (VRMS)
5. Total harmonic distortion (dBc)
6. AC signals
  1. Signal-to-noise and distortion (SINAD) and effective number of bits (ENOB)
7. DC signals
  1. Noise free resolution and effective resolution
8. Settling time and conversion accuracy
9. ADC system noise calculation
10. Effect of clock jitter on ADC SNR
11. Notes
DAC
1. DAC errors
  1. DAC definitions
  2. DAC offset error
  3. DAC gain error
  4. DAC zero-code error / negative full-scale error
  5. DAC bipolar zero error
  6. DAC full-scale error
2. DAC non-linearity
  1. DAC differential non-linearity
  2. DAC integral non-linearity
3. DAC total unadjusted error
4. Notes
Multiplexer
1. CMOS switch construction
2. ON-resistance (RON)
3. RON flatness
4. Effective op amp gain including MUX RON
  1. Design tips
5. ON and OFF capacitance (CON/ COFF)
6. Leakage current
  1. Off leakage current
  2. On leakage current
7. Charge injection (QINJ)
8. Bandwidth (BW)
9. Channel-to-channel crosstalk (XTALK)
10. OFF-isolation
11. Total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N)
12. Notes
TI Worldwide Technical Support

Coaxial cable equations

Equation 173.

\frac{C}{l} = \frac{2 πε}{\ln (\frac{D}{d})}

Figure 71 Capacitance per length

Equation 174.

\frac{L}{l} = \frac{μ}{2 π} \ln (\frac{D}{d})

Figure 72 Inductance per length

Equation 175.

Z_{o} = \sqrt{\frac{L}{C}} = \frac{1}{2 π} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{μ}{ε}} \cdot \ln (\frac{D}{d})

Figure 73 Characteristic impedance

Where

L = inductance in henries (H)

C = capacitance in farads (F)

Z = impedance in ohms (Ω)

d = diameter of inner conductor

D = inside diameter of shield, or diameter of dielectric insulator

ε = dielectric constant of insulator (ε = ε_r ε_o)

μ = magnetic permeability (μ = μ_r μ_o)

l = length of the cable

Figure 74 Coaxial cable cutaway

Table 21 Resistance per length for different wire types (AWG)

AWG	Stds	Outside diameter		Area		DC resistance
AWG	Stds	in	mm	circular mils	mm²	? / 1000 ft	? / km
36	Solid	0.005	0.127	25	0.013	445	1460
36	7/44	0.006	0.152	28	0.014	371	1271
34	Solid	0.0063	0.160	39.7	0.020	280	918
34	7/42	0.0075	0.192	43.8	0.022	237	777
32	Solid	0.008	0.203	67.3	0.032	174	571
32	7/40	0.008	0.203	67.3	0.034	164	538
30	Solid	0.010	0.254	100	0.051	113	365
30	7/38	0.012	0.305	112	0.057	103	339
28	Solid	0.013	0.330	159	0.080	70.8	232
28	7/36	0.015	0.381	175	0.090	64.9	213
26	Solid	0.016	0.409	256	0.128	43.6	143
26	10/36	0.021	0.533	250	0.128	41.5	137
24	Solid	0.020	0.511	404	0.205	27.3	89.4
24	7/32	0.024	0.610	448	0.229	23.3	76.4
22	Solid	0.025	0.643	640	0.324	16.8	55.3
22	7/30	0.030	0.762	700	0.357	14.7	48.4
20	Solid	0.032	0.813	1020	0.519	10.5	34.6
20	7/28	0.038	0.965	1111	0.562	10.3	33.8
18	Solid	0.040	1.020	1620	0.823	6.6	21.8
18	7/26	0.048	1.219	1770	0.902	5.9	19.2
16	Solid	0.051	1.290	2580	1.310	4.2	13.7
16	7/24	0.060	1.524	2828	1.442	3.7	12.0
14	Solid	0.064	1.630	4110	2.080	2.6	8.6
14	7/22	0.073	1.854	4480	2.285	2.3	7.6

Table 22 Maximum current vs. AWG

Wire gauge	Polyethylene Neoprene Polyvinylchloride (semi-ridged) at 80°C	Polypropylene Polyethylene (high density) at 90°C	Polyvinylchloride Nylon at 105°C	Kynar Polyethylene Thermoplastic at 125°C	Kapton Teflon Silicone at 200°C
AWG	I_max (A)	I_max (A)	I_max (A)	I_max (A)	I_max (A)
30	2	3	3	3	4
28	3	4	4	5	6
26	4	5	5	6	7
24	6	7	7	8	10
22	8	9	10	11	13
20	10	12	13	14	17
18	15	17	18	20	24
16	19	22	24	26	32
14	27	30	33	40	45
12	36	40	45	50	55
10	47	55	58	70	75

Note: The table shows the current required to raise the temperature of a single insulated conductor in free air (30°C ambient) to the limits of various insulation types.

Example

What is the maximum current that can be applied to a 30 gauge Teflon wire in a room temperature environment?

What will the self-heating be?

Answer

I_max = 4A

Wire temperature = 200°C